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HSK 6Unit 4 Review

Economic Choices and Leadership

经济与领导 Jīng jì yǔ lǐng dǎo

You can now frame economic leadership arguments, analyze motivations and actions in leadership contexts, express complex economic relationships, and evaluate economic decisions with authoritative support.

Consolidate everything from 12 lessons — 0/12 completed.

117 words 12 grammar 96 exercises 100 XP

What You Can Now Do

Four skills you've built across this unit — revisit any lesson to sharpen them.

Listen

You can follow discussions on economic leadership strategies, identifying counter-points and the reasoning behind decisions in formal contexts.

Speak

You can present a well-structured argument on economic leadership, utilizing concessive language and strategic framing while addressing counter-arguments.

Read & Write

You can write analytically about economic decisions, employing complex clauses and formal citations to support your evaluations and opinions.

Culture & Use

You can navigate discussions on leadership and economics with an awareness of formal register and the implications of language choices in professional settings.

Vocabulary Review

All 117 words from Unit 4. Tap any word to visit its dictionary page.

Grammar Review

12 grammar patterns covered in this unit.

19

Preposition: 据 (According To)

引出凭借依据:据 · yǐnchū píngjiè yījù: jù

Use the preposition 据 to cite sources, data, and authorities in formal Chinese

Pattern据 + 来源/依据 + 描述Place 据 before the source of information (an expert, a report, statistics, hearsay) to introduce cited or attributed information. It means "according to" or "based on."

据专家介绍,这个信息并不准确。

Jù zhuānjiā jièshào, zhège xìnxī bìng bù zhǔnquè.

According to experts, this information is not accurate.

据统计,大多数家庭有一到两个子女。

Jù tǒngjì, dàduōshù jiātíng yǒu yī dào liǎng ge zǐnǚ.

According to statistics, most families have one to two children.

据说,他还没决定放弃。

Jùshuō, tā hái méi juédìng fàngqì.

It is said that he has not yet decided to give up.

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20

Conjunctions: 而, 同, 与 (Linking Words)

连接词或词组:而²、同²、与² · liánjiē cí huò cízǔ: ér, tóng, yǔ

Use 而, 同, and 与 as conjunctions to connect words, phrases, and clauses in formal Chinese

PatternA + 而/同/与 + B而 connects adjectives, verbs, or clauses, expressing contrast ("but/yet") or addition ("and"). 同 and 与 connect nouns or noun phrases, meaning "and" in formal contexts.

她善良而乐观。

Tā shànliáng ér lèguān.

She is kind and optimistic.

我同他都是新员工。

Wǒ tóng tā dōu shì xīn yuángōng.

He and I are both new employees.

成与不成,都看你的啦!

Chéng yǔ bù chéng, dōu kàn nǐ de la!

Whether it works out or not, it all depends on you!

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21

Clause Connectors: 不料, 可, 若

连接分句或句子:不料、可、若 · liánjiē fēnjù huò jùzi: búliào, kě, ruò

Use 不料, 可, and 若 to connect clauses expressing unexpected outcomes, contrast, and formal conditions

PatternClause A,不料 + Clause B / Clause A,可 + Clause B / 若 + Clause A,就 + Clause B不料 introduces an unexpected turn of events — something contrary to what was planned or expected. 可 (in its third meaning) functions like 但是/可是 to express contrast or an unexpected twist, but with a lighter, more colloquial feel. 若 is the formal equivalent of 如果, used in written language and formal speech to introduce conditional clauses.

我今天本想去操场踢足球,不料外面下起雨来。

Wǒ jīntiān běn xiǎng qù cāochǎng tī zúqiú, búliào wàimiàn xiàqǐ yǔ lái.

I originally planned to go play football on the field today, but unexpectedly it started raining.

我们约定一起去长城玩儿,可他忘记了。

Wǒmen yuēdìng yìqǐ qù Chángchéng wánr, kě tā wàngjì le.

We agreed to visit the Great Wall together, but he forgot.

若这个时间你不方便,我们就换一个。

Ruò zhège shíjiān nǐ bù fāngbiàn, wǒmen jiù huàn yí gè.

If this time is not convenient for you, we will pick another one.

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22

Structural Particle: 所

结构助词:所 · jiégòu zhùcí: suǒ

Understand and use the formal structural particle 所 to nominalize verbs and create "that which..." constructions

PatternSubject + 所 + Verb + 的 + (Noun)所 is placed before a verb to nominalize the action, creating a formal construction meaning "that which (someone) does/did." It transforms verbs into noun-like phrases and is almost always followed by 的. Common patterns include 所 + V + 的, and fixed phrases like 据我所知 (as far as I know).

据我所知,这件事不是真的。

Jù wǒ suǒ zhī, zhè jiàn shì bú shì zhēn de.

As far as I know, this matter is not true.

你所做的每件事我都支持。

Nǐ suǒ zuò de měi jiàn shì wǒ dōu zhīchí.

I support everything that you do.

这部电影正是我所感兴趣的。

Zhè bù diànyǐng zhèng shì wǒ suǒ gǎn xìngqù de.

This film is exactly what I am interested in.

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23

Modal Particles: 罢了, 嘛

语气助词:罢了、嘛 · yǔqì zhùcí: bàle, ma

Use 罢了 to downplay something as trivial and 嘛 to indicate that something should be obvious or to urge someone

PatternStatement + 罢了 / Statement + 嘛罢了 is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate "that is all / merely / nothing more than that." It downplays the significance of something. 嘛 is placed at the end of a sentence to (1) indicate that the reason or fact should be obvious, or (2) to urge or encourage someone to do something. Both are sentence-final modal particles that color the speaker's attitude.

别生气,我只是开个玩笑罢了。

Bié shēngqì, wǒ zhǐshì kāi ge wánxiào bàle.

Don't be angry — I was just joking, that's all.

这不过是一件小事罢了,不值得担心。

Zhè búguò shì yí jiàn xiǎoshì bàle, bù zhíde dānxīn.

This is merely a small matter, not worth worrying about.

他不是不想帮你,只是太忙罢了。

Tā bú shì bù xiǎng bāng nǐ, zhǐshì tài máng bàle.

It is not that he does not want to help you — he is just too busy, that's all.

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24

Phrase Structure: Number + Adjective + Measure Word

数词+形容词+量词 · shùcí + xíngróngcí + liàngcí

Use the Number + Adjective + Measure Word pattern to add descriptive detail within noun phrases

PatternNumber + Adjective + Measure Word + NounIn standard Chinese, the order is Number + Measure Word + Noun (一杯茶). This advanced pattern inserts a monosyllabic adjective between the number and the measure word to add vivid description: 一大杯茶 (a big cup of tea). The adjective must be monosyllabic (大, 小, 长, 短, 厚, 薄, etc.) and directly modifies the measure word, creating a compact, descriptive phrase.

请给我一大杯茶。

Qǐng gěi wǒ yí dà bēi chá.

Please give me a big cup of tea.

桌子上放着一长串葡萄。

Zhuōzi shàng fàngzhe yì cháng chuàn pútao.

There was a long string of grapes on the table.

我只要一小份米饭就够了。

Wǒ zhǐ yào yì xiǎo fèn mǐfàn jiù gòu le.

I only need a small portion of rice — that will be enough.

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25

Four-Character Pattern: 或A或B

或A或B · huò A huò B

Use the formal pattern 或A或B to express "either A or B" or "whether A or B" in written and formal Chinese

Pattern或A或BRepeat 或 before two contrasting or complementary monosyllabic elements to express "either A or B" or "whether A or B." This pattern is formal and literary, often appearing in essays, reports, and speeches. A and B are typically monosyllabic antonyms or related words that form a natural pair.

每位市民都为这座城市的发展做出过或大或小的贡献。

Měi wèi shìmín dōu wèi zhè zuò chéngshì de fāzhǎn zuòchūguò huò dà huò xiǎo de gòngxiàn.

Every citizen has made contributions, either big or small, to the development of this city.

各个企业都有一套或高或低的质量监测管理标准。

Gè gè qǐyè dōu yǒu yí tào huò gāo huò dī de zhìliàng jiāncè guǎnlǐ biāozhǔn.

Every enterprise has a set of quality monitoring standards, whether high or low.

人生中总会遇到或多或少的困难。

Rénshēng zhōng zǒng huì yùdào huò duō huò shǎo de kùnnán.

In life, one will always encounter difficulties, whether many or few.

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26

Four-Character Pattern: 无A无B

无A无B · wú A wú B

Use the formal pattern 无A无B to express the complete absence of both A and B

Pattern无A无BRepeat 无 (without) before two monosyllabic elements to express the complete absence of both. This creates emphatic four-character expressions that are formal, literary, and often idiomatic. Many 无A无B combinations have become fixed phrases (成语-like) with established meanings beyond their literal translations.

妈妈无时无刻不在想念着国外留学的孩子。

Māma wú shí wú kè bú zài xiǎngniànzhe guówài liúxué de háizi.

The mother thinks about her child studying abroad at every single moment.

这孩子再不管管就无法无天了。

Zhè háizi zài bù guǎnguǎn jiù wúfǎwútiān le.

If we don't discipline this child, he will become completely out of control.

小时候无忧无虑的日子真让人怀念。

Xiǎoshíhou wúyōuwúlǜ de rìzi zhēn ràng rén huáiniàn.

The carefree days of childhood are truly something to miss.

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27

Four-Character Pattern: A这A那

A这A那 · A zhè A nà

Use the A这A那 pattern to describe someone doing A about this and that — often implying complaint, impatience, or vividness

PatternVerb这Verb那 / Adjective这Adjective那A monosyllabic verb or adjective is repeated before 这 and 那 to create an expression meaning "doing A about this and that" or "finding fault with this and that." The same word fills both A positions. This pattern often carries a tone of complaint, impatience, or vivid description of scattered, unfocused activity.

他总是很耐心地听她说这说那。

Tā zǒngshì hěn nàixīn de tīng tā shuō zhè shuō nà.

He always patiently listens to her talk about this and that.

他这个人真是麻烦,总是嫌这嫌那的。

Tā zhège rén zhēnshi máfan, zǒngshì xián zhè xián nà de.

This person is really troublesome — always complaining about everything.

孩子第一次进商场,兴奋得看这看那。

Háizi dì-yī cì jìn shāngchǎng, xīngfèn de kàn zhè kàn nà.

It was the child's first time in a mall, and he excitedly looked at everything.

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28

Four-Character Pattern: 左A右B

左A右B · zuǒ A yòu B

Use the 左A右B pattern to vividly describe actions done in all directions or from multiple angles

Pattern左A右BPlace 左 (left) before one monosyllabic verb and 右 (right) before another to describe an action done in multiple directions or repeatedly from different angles. A and B are typically synonyms or closely related actions. The pattern creates a vivid, dynamic image of movement or thought going back and forth.

他左躲右闪,终于把球踢进了球门。

Tā zuǒ duǒ yòu shǎn, zhōngyú bǎ qiú tī jìn le qiúmén.

He dodged left and right, and finally kicked the ball into the goal.

第一次出门,他兴奋得左瞧右看,眼睛都不够用了。

Dì-yī cì chūmén, tā xīngfèn de zuǒ qiáo yòu kàn, yǎnjing dōu bú gòu yòng le.

It was his first time going out, and he excitedly looked all around — his eyes could not take it all in.

他左思右想,觉得这件事不能这样就完了。

Tā zuǒ sī yòu xiǎng, juéde zhè jiàn shì bù néng zhèyàng jiù wán le.

He thought it over carefully from every angle and decided this matter could not just end like this.

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29

Fixed Phrase: 不怎么

不怎么 · bù zěnme

Use 不怎么 to express "not very / not particularly" as a polite, understated way of expressing a negative opinion

Pattern不怎么 + Adjective / Verb不怎么 is placed before an adjective or verb to soften a negative evaluation, meaning "not very," "not particularly," or "not really." It is milder and more polite than a direct negative like 不好 (not good). This is a key tool for diplomatic communication in Chinese.

这件衣服不怎么好看,换一件吧。

Zhè jiàn yīfu bù zěnme hǎokàn, huàn yí jiàn ba.

This outfit is not particularly good-looking — let's try another one.

他不怎么在乎这些小事。

Tā bù zěnme zàihu zhèxiē xiǎoshì.

He does not particularly care about these little things.

他今天好像不怎么舒服。

Tā jīntiān hǎoxiàng bù zěnme shūfu.

He does not seem to be feeling very well today.

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30

Fixed Phrase: 不怎么样

不怎么样 · bù zěnmeyàng

Use 不怎么样 as a standalone evaluation meaning "not so great / mediocre / nothing special"

PatternSubject + 不怎么样 / Verb + 得 + 不怎么样不怎么样 functions as a complete predicate meaning "not so great" or "mediocre." Unlike 不怎么 (which requires an adjective/verb after it), 不怎么样 can stand alone as a full evaluation. It can also follow 得 as a complement: 她唱得不怎么样 (She doesn't sing very well). This is a mildly negative assessment — dismissive but not harsh.

她跳舞跳得不怎么样。

Tā tiàowǔ tiào de bù zěnmeyàng.

She doesn't dance very well.

甲:这件衣服怎么样?乙:不怎么样。

Jiǎ: Zhè jiàn yīfu zěnmeyàng? Yǐ: Bù zěnmeyàng.

A: How is this outfit? B: Not so great.

这家餐厅的菜不怎么样,下次别来了。

Zhè jiā cāntīng de cài bù zěnmeyàng, xià cì bié lái le.

The food at this restaurant is not so great — let's not come again next time.

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